{"id":8228,"date":"2025-08-04T20:20:27","date_gmt":"2025-08-05T00:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/?p=8228"},"modified":"2025-08-06T08:21:28","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T12:21:28","slug":"political-parties-persia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/","title":{"rendered":"Origin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8228\" class=\"elementor elementor-8228\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279db367 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"279db367\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f4a574b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f4a574b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac4e6c8 animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac4e6c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"> PhD Thesis<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e8450f animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"68e8450f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:600}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\tOrigin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-194ec6b9 elementor-widget__width-initial animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"194ec6b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:700}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"1531\" data-end=\"1576\"><strong data-start=\"1531\" data-end=\"1541\">Author<\/strong>: Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi\u00a0<\/p><p data-start=\"1531\" data-end=\"1576\"><strong data-start=\"1579\" data-end=\"1589\">Degree<\/strong>: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)<\/p><p data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1666\"><strong data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1639\">Institution<\/strong>: University of Edinburgh<\/p><p data-start=\"1669\" data-end=\"1685\"><strong data-start=\"1669\" data-end=\"1677\">Year<\/strong>: 1979<\/p><p data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1711\"><strong data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1698\">Length<\/strong>: 596 pages<\/p><p data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1806\"><strong data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1737\">Permanent reference<\/strong>: <em data-start=\"1739\" data-end=\"1804\">Origin and Development of Political Parties in Persia 1906-1911<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a05ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"d7a05ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"cite-widget\" style=\"max-width:600px;margin:2rem auto 2rem; text-align:center;\">\n  <p style=\"margin:0 0 0.25rem;font-weight:600;\">Cite this work:<\/p>\n  <select id=\"cite-style\"><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi. \u201cOrigin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis.\u201d *Iran Life & Liberty*, 2025, https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/.\">MLA<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi (2025). *Origin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis*. Retrieved from https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\">APA<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi. 2025. \u201cOrigin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis.\u201d Iran Life & Liberty. https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\">CHICAGO<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi (2025) \u2018, *Iran Life & Liberty*, available at: https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/ (Accessed: 03 Jun 2026).\">HARVARD<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi, \u201cOrigin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis,\u201d Iran Life & Liberty, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\">IEEE<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi. Origin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis. Iran Life & Liberty. 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 03]; Available from: https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\">VANCOUVER<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi. 2025. \u201cOrigin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis.\u201d Iran Life & Liberty. https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\">ASA<\/option><option value=\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi. 2025. Origin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis. Iran Life & Liberty. Retrieved 2025 from https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\">ACM<\/option><\/select>\n  <button id=\"copy-cite\" style=\"margin-left:0.5rem;\">Copy<\/button>\n  <p class='cite-dl' style='margin-top:0.5rem;'><a href='https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/securepdfs\/2025\/08\/Origin-and-Development-of-Political-Parties-in-Persia-1906-1911.pdf' download>Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  const sel=document.getElementById('cite-style'),\n        btn=document.getElementById('copy-cite');\n  btn.onclick=()=>{navigator.clipboard.writeText(sel.value);\n                   btn.textContent='Copied!';\n                   setTimeout(()=>btn.textContent='Copy',1500);};\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n<!-- Invisible JSON-LD for Google Scholar -->\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\n \"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\":\"Thesis\",\n \"name\":\"Origin and Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis\",\n \"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi\"}],\n \"datePublished\":\"2025\",\n \"publisher\":\"Iran Life & Liberty\",\n \"url\":\"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/political-parties-persia\/\",\n \"inLanguage\":\"en\"\n}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480dfcf1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"480dfcf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a5fbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"29a5fbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wppdfemb-frame-container-2\" style=\"-webkit-overflow-scrolling:auto;\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"pdfembed-iframe nonfullscreen wppdf-emb-iframe-2\"\n\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/?pdfemb-data=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-IiwiaW5kZXgiOjIsInBkZklEIjo4MjMxLCJwZGZlbWItc2VydmV1cmwiOiJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRmlyYW5saWZlYW5kbGliZXJ0eS5jb20lMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRnNlY3VyZXBkZnMlMkYyMDI1JTJGMDglMkZPcmlnaW4tYW5kLURldmVsb3BtZW50LW9mLVBvbGl0aWNhbC1QYXJ0aWVzLWluLVBlcnNpYS0xOTA2LTE5MTEucGRmIiwid21fdGV4dCI6IiJ9\"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Origin &amp; Development of Political Parties in Persia (1906-1911) \u2013 PhD Thesis\"\t\t\t\tdata-pdf-id=\"8231\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-pdf-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"border:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:750px;\"\n\t\t\t\tscrolling=\"yes\">\n\t\t\t<\/iframe>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This 596-page University of Edinburgh dissertation by Mansoureh Ettehadieh traces how secret societies evolved into modern political parties during Persia\u2019s Constitutional Revolution, analysing the First and Second Majles, Democrat &#038; Moderate factions, and the foreign pressures that shaped Iran\u2019s early parliamentary politics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","googlesitekit_rrm_CAow0LXgCw:productID":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1784],"tags":[1791,1785,1790,1788,1789,1786,1787],"ppma_author":[1803],"class_list":["post-8228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-resources-2","tag-1906-revolution-2","tag-democrat-party-iran-2","tag-iranian-political-history-2","tag-majles-2","tag-mansoureh-ettehadieh-2","tag-moderate-party-iran-2","tag-persian-constitutional-revolution-2"],"aioseo_notices":[],"authors":[{"term_id":1803,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"mansoureh-ettehadieh","display_name":"Mansoureh Ettehadieh","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8228"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8310,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8228\/revisions\/8310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8228"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranlifeandliberty.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=8228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}